基于输出系数模型的北京地区农业面源污染负荷估算

农业生产活动产生的面源污染物是环境污染负荷的主要来源之一。利用输出系数模型对北京市农业面源污染负荷进行了估算。结果表明,2006年北京市农业面源污染物总氮和总磷负荷量分别是19 565.7×106和2 413.1×106 g/a。土地利用方式显著影响氮和磷负荷,不同污染源类型对污染负荷贡献的差异较大。不同污染源类型对总氮污染负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞耕地＞林地＞畜禽养殖＞园地＞牧草地,对总磷负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞畜禽养殖＞耕地＞林地＞园地＞牧草地。各区县总氮和总磷负荷量和负荷强度的差异较大,其中大兴、顺义、房山、密云和通州的总氮和总磷负荷量较大,而朝阳、丰台、通州、顺义和大兴的总氮和总磷负荷强度较大。农业面源污染物氮和磷分布状况和负荷强度的研究,为北京地区区域规划和农业结构调整提供了科学依据。     

Effect of spectral composition of artificial light on the attraction of moths

During the last decades, artificial night lighting has increased globally, which largely affected many plant and animal species. So far, current research highlights the importance of artificial light with smaller wavelengths in attracting moths, yet the effect of the spectral composition of artificial light on species richness and abundance of moths has not been studied systematically. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that (1) higher species richness and higher abundances of moths are attracted to artificial light with smaller wavelengths than to light with larger wavelengths, and (2) this attraction is correlated with morphological characteristics of moths, especially their eye size. We indeed found higher species richness and abundances of moths in traps with lamps that emit light with smaller wavelengths. These lamps attracted moths with on average larger body mass, larger wing dimensions and larger eyes. Cascading effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, e.g. pollination, can be expected when larger moth species are attracted to these lights. Predatory species with a diet of mainly larger moth species and plant species pollinated by larger moth species might then decline. Moreover, our results indicate a size-bias in trapping moths, resulting in an overrepresentation of larger moth species in lamps with small wavelengths. Our study indicates the potential use of lamps with larger wavelengths to effectively reduce the negative effect of light pollution on moth population dynamics and communities where moths play an important role.     

Bacterial pollution induced community tolerance (PICT) to Cu and interactions with pH in long-term polluted vineyard soils

Pollution induced community tolerance (PICT) has been suggested as an end-point measurement less affected by confounding environmental factors compared to standard methods of microbial growth, activity and community composition. We evaluated the use of PICT to determine Cu toxicity in vineyard soils polluted with Cu based fungicides (25-1120 mg Cu kg⁻¹). These soils also varied in pH (4.3-7.3), organic C (0.31-6.91%) and texture (14-56% silt). PICT was estimated as bacterial community tolerance to Cu measured by the [³H]leucine incorporation method. Bacterial tolerance to Cu increased 9 times in the most polluted compared to the unpolluted soils. Cu tolerance was also affected to a minor degree by pH, organic C and soil texture. Lower bacterial tolerance was found in soils with high pH and organic C, probably due to Cu becoming less bioavailable in soils with high pH and organic C content. The silt content appeared to increase bacterial tolerance, probably due to fine soil particles decreasing Cu bioavailability during the PICT detection phase. Despite the effects of other environmental factors, the main determinant of increased bacterial community tolerance to Cu was the pollution level. PICT measured with the leucine incorporation technique thus appears to be a sensitive and stable concept to evaluate toxic impacts, unless soils with very different pH, organic C or texture are studied.     

渭河宝鸡段表层沉积物重金属污染研究

采用现场采样及室内分析方法,在对渭河宝鸡段表层沉积物基本理化性质分析的基础上,研究了沉积物中重金属的含量、赋存形态及迁移特征,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,沉积物中Zn、Co、Cd和Hg的平均含量均高于世界、中国和陕西土壤元素背景值,其中Cd（中国和陕西土壤元素背景值的4倍）和Hg（中国和世界土壤元素背景值的7~8倍、陕西土壤元素背景值的16倍）尤为突出。Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu和Co在沉积物中主要以残余态形式存在（50%以上）,Pb主要以可还原态形式存在（近55%）,Mn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在（近50%）。重金属迁移顺序为Mn（56.70%）≈Pb（56.65%）〉Cd（53.66%）〉Co（48.82%）〉Cu（43.99%）〉Zn（21.93%）〉N（i15.49%）〉C（r11.43%）,其中Mn、Pb、Cd、Co和Cu的危害较大,有近45%~60%可以发生迁移转化。污染评价结果表明,沉积物主要受到Cd和Hg污染,具有高的潜在生态危害。     

农村生活垃圾生物稳定预处理对渗滤液产生及污染潜力的影响

为从源头控制垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染,以广州市番禺区猛涌村生活垃圾处理示范基地为研究对象,以猛涌村中转站分选得到的有机垃圾为试验材料,采用生物稳定和淋溶试验研究方法,以未经生物稳定处理的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为对照（CK）,以生物稳定预处理36d的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为处理1（T1）,以生物稳定预处理12d的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为处理2（T2）。通过分析渗滤液pH、氨氮、总磷、COD、水溶性碳等指标的变化,考察生物预处理方法对渗滤液的污染控制效果。结果表明,在10d淋溶试验过程中,T1、T2渗滤液产量比CK分别减少33、28;CK渗滤液pH一直呈酸性,而T1、T2介于在7.0～8.5;T1、T2渗滤液氨氮、总磷、COD、水溶性碳平均浓度分别比CK降低77、63,75、69,73、66,74、69,明显降低了垃圾的污染潜力,垃圾生物稳定程度越高,污染潜力越低。研究成果从生态控制的角度为垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染防治提供了理论依据。     

我国农田总氮流失影响因素分析

利用第一次全国农业污染源普查的70个样本数据,对农田非点源污染总氮（TN）流失系数与6个影响因素间的关系进行相关和回归分析。结果表明,土地利用方式X3、土壤质地X4、施氮量X5、年降雨量X64个因素对农田TN流失系数有显著影响。由标准化回归系数得知,各因素对流失系数影响的大小顺序为X6〉X5〉X3〉X4。在此基础上所建立的我国农田TN流失系数的回归方程为Y=-5.3＋0.28X6＋0.017X5＋4.563X3＋0.088X4,通过16个文献数据对该模型进行验证,结果显示该模型具有很好的预测能力,可用于我国不同地域农田TN流失系数的估算。     

混沌理论在NH3—N污染指数时间序列分析中的应用

根据混沌理论,对四川省乐山岷江大桥NH3—N污染指数时间序列通过相空间重构,应用自相关法和Cao方法确定出重构参数,并分别计算了该序列的关联维、最大Lyapunov指数以及Kolmogorov熵等特征量。结果表明,四川省乐山岷江大桥NH3—N污染指数时间序列存在明显的混沌特性,是非线性混沌动力系统演化的结果;研究结果为进一步研究NH3—N污染指数时间序列的复杂性、演化规律及预测奠定了基础,也可为岷江中上游地区水质环境监测和保护提供决策支持。     

预处理对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响

通过对黑毛豆仁的水分含量、硬度、脆度、花色苷含量以及色泽等指标的测定,研究烫漂、冷冻、NaCl浸渍以及辐照4种不同的预处理方式对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响。结果表明,适度的烫漂预处理可以钝化过氧化物酶,减少豆腥味的产生,降低膨化产品的水分含量,有利于保持产品色泽;冷冻预处理可使膨化产品的硬度降低,酥脆性提高...     

平原河网地区农村面源污染重点源和区的识别筛选——以上海青浦区为例

以地处平原河网地区的上海市青浦区为研究对象,通过清单分析方法和等标污染负荷法,以乡镇为单元研究了种植业、畜禽养殖、水产养殖和农村生活污水等农村面源污染来源,以及化学需氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）等污染物的排放量及其贡献率,并以青浦区水环境功能区划地表水环境质量标准为基准,评价及识别筛选了该区域农村面源污染主要来源及其重点区域。研究结果表明,青浦区农业面源污染COD、TN、TP实物排放量分别为2.68×103、0.85×103、0.11×103t·a-1,主要污染源为种植业,其等标污染负荷比达到53.07%,主要污染物为TN,其等标污染负荷比达到59.92%。通过农业面源污染排放强度分析,确定青浦区农业面源污染程度较重的乡镇主要为练塘镇、白鹤镇和金泽镇,建议在青东地区以农村生活污水处理和畜禽养殖污染治理为重点、在青西地区以种植业面源污染防治为重点,针对性地开展农村面源污染综合防治工作。     

基于分布式水文模型的嘉陵江流域氮磷非点源污染负荷预测

为研究在大尺度流域上以降雨径流为载体的非点源污染,以基于土地利用的分布式水文模型(SLURP Hydrological model)为基础,提出氮磷负荷预测模型及未来气象参数和土地利用分布图的构建方法.就嘉陵江流域土地利用、畜禽养殖和农业人口未来变化产生的总氮与总磷的月负荷量进行模拟和预测分析.结果表明,预测年降雨径流...